I found the solution myself: I just had to remove the blank line in the iface block:
iface vmbr0 inet static
# disable offloading to prevent hangup
post-up ethtool -K eno1 tso off gso off
address 10.1.0.1/8
gateway 10.0.0.1
bridge-ports eno1
bridge-stp off
bridge-fd 0
Since my network config worked for multiple years with the blank line, I think that the config file parser has changed in a past update.